Which Material Can Best Be Used to Cast a Footwear and Tire Impression

Footwear, The Missed Show

Dwane S. Hilderbrand, CLPE
Lead Latent Print Examiner
Scottsdale Police force Offense Lab

"The telescopic of a complete exam consists of ii main functions: first, the recovery procedure, which includes the discovery and preservation of the prints, and 2d, the identification process, which involves evaluations, comparisons, and findings related to the recovered impression." (Grieve 1988).

Introduction

"Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, merely his hair, the fibers from his article of clothing, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the claret or semen he deposits or collects.. All of these and more comport mute witness against him. This is evidence that does non forget. Information technology is non confused past the excitement of the moment. It is non absent because human witnesses are, it is factual evidence, physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself; it cannot be wholly absent, only its interpretation can err. Only human being failure to notice it, study and understand information technology, can diminish its value." (Paul L. Kirk 1974).

On September 19, 1991, two German tourists were hiking in the mountains on the border between Austria and Italy when they spotted a trunk buried in the ice. The ii tourists, suspecting foul play, contacted the authorities. Every bit it was not clear at the fourth dimension exactly where the body was institute, police force authorities from Austria and Italy responded. Following the normal procedures for the recovery of the trunk, they attempted to gratis it from the ice using jackhammers. Unfortunately, the jackhammers were dissentious the torso, pickaxes and ski poles were then used.

Once the body had been removed from its icy grave it was examined and adamant to be that of a fit man, between 25-35 years onetime, and about 5 anxiety 2 inches tall and weighing somewhere around 110 pounds. The trunk was fully clothed and his "well-worn shoes were made of leather and stuffed with grass to keep his anxiety warm."

The body was identified every bit that of the start completely intact 5,000-year-sometime Iceage man.

Shoes are a Fascinating Item of Clothing

In nearly every criminal investigation it is necessary to determine and show that a particular person or persons may or may not accept been present at the scene of a crime. For this reason, the collection, preservation and analysis of physical show has get more frequent in the constabulary enforcement community.

Effectually 1910, a criminologist by the name of Edmond Locard arrived at a theory that every time something comes into contact with another it either takes or leaves a portion of itself or another. This theory is called the Edmond Locard Theory, which simply states "Every contact leaves its trace." This theory is continually used today in crime scene investigations and the analysis of physical bear witness.

Since criminals must enter and exit criminal offense scene areas information technology should therefore, be reasonably assumed that they may leave traces of their footwear. Criminals have become smarter and wiser by commencement to often wear protection over their hands to avoid leaving fingerprints, and masks over their faces to avoid eyewitness identification. However, they are rarely aware of, or make little attempt to conceal footwear. During an every day routine it is normal to come across an individual wearing gloves, only information technology'south not normal to see individuals wearing protection over their shoes.

Unfortunately, when a crime scene is improperly secured or is disorganized, the search of the scene often results in this type of impression evidence being disregarded or destroyed. When this type of physical evidence is properly collected and preserved past the crime scene investigator, followed upward past a detailed exam by a footwear practiced, it can become an important part in proving or disproving a suspect was at the criminal offence scene.

Why are Footwear Impressions Disregarded?

Footwear impressions are overlooked for two of import reasons,

1. The lack of training and education in the proper searching, collection and preservation of the evidence and;
2. The prove is undervalued or not understood.

The failure to properly collect this type of show revolves effectually the above-mentioned two reasons but he lack of success in finding this testify is often due to:

1. Not believing that the impressions tin can be found at the scene afterward people have walked over the scene
2. Incomplete searches of the crime scene;
3. Weather conditions;
4. The impression has been intentionally destroyed.

In many cases, footwear testify tin lead to positive identifications of which detail known shoe fabricated the print. Footwear prove can provide investigators with sure information that tin can assist them in locating a suspect. Most footwear evidence, when collected and preserved properly can provide the blazon, brand, description, guess size, the number of suspects, the path through and away course the crime scene, the involvement of the evidence, and the events that occurred during the crime.

Protection of the Scene

The beginning officer at the law-breaking scene should assess and effort to determine the entire expanse of the crime scene, including paths of entry and go out and any areas that may include testify that a suspect was present. Once this has been done the area of the criminal offense scene should be completely secured and evidence marked for later documentation and collection. Unfortunately, footwear evidence is easily eradicated by weather condition or by people and vehicles approaching the scene from the same management of entry or escape the suspect might have taken. Isolation of the area is crucial, to avoid analyzing recently made footwear impressions that are not related to the law-breaking scene.

At that place are many means to secure footwear evidence in and around the crime scene. Once the area is secured and the law-breaking scene is established the officer on the scene should brand sure the unabridged scene is marked off using criminal offense scene barricade tape, and no ane should be permitted to enter until the crime scene investigator responds. In some cases where weather might have an effect on the footwear evidence, the first officer may identify boxes, cones, etc. over the impressions until the crime scene investigator arrives. Remember, practise non change the prove prior to any photographs.

Searching the Crime Scene

Always be aggressive and alert. Footwear testify should exist one of the first considerations at the crime scene. Once the scene has been made safety by the first officer(s) on the scene, it should then be secured for the crime scene investigator. The secured area should be marked off large enough to include any possible footwear impressions that my be leading to and away from the area. This officer securing the scene should pay careful attention not to leave his footwear impressions effectually the scene.

If the officer must enter the criminal offence scene surface area, a war machine-type arroyo and go out should be used when at all possible. This type of approach consists of the private stepping into his/her own footprints, therefore leaving just one prepare of additional footprints that tin later exist eliminated. A restricted route should be thoroughly searched for show. A planned search of the area should exist conducted by the offense scene investigator on the scene. The area should exist carefully photographed and documented as to where each footwear impression is institute. This process should exist done before any other search is performed. In one case the footwear impressions have been located and marked as to their location, the criminal offence scene investigator can come up back later and consummate the photographing, casting and collecting process.

Footwear bear witness can be establish at virtually all crime scenes in two forms, impressions and prints. The techniques in recording such show may be different, but the search is basically the same. E'er use a methodical and planned method of searching. Never blind search a criminal offence scene. The simply footwear show that is not institute is that which is non searched for. Footwear testify that is located out of doors should get-go be photographed and if 3 dimensional, cast. This will foreclose any unfortunate destruction of the evidence while the crime scene investigator is inside. Each impression should be documented as to its position and surrounding areas. Remember, position can tell you lot direction of travel.

During an interior search, all surfaces where the suspect(s) may have entered or exited the scene should be carefully examined since most of the residuum on the shoes from the outside surfaces may contain valuable impressions which are not easily seen under normal lighting conditions. To locate footwear impressions on indoor surfaces, the criminal offence scene investigator should starting time attempt to darken the search area as much as possible. Then using a potent white light with a directional axle, cast the light over the surface at an oblique angle. Once the impressions are located, the collection and recovery procedure begins. Excellent devices with strong white light are the forensic light sources. They comprise a narrow beam of white light that provides an excellent source of illumination when it is held at a depression bending. Too this type of light is much stronger and brighter than normal flashlights.

Whether the impressions are indoors or out, they should be photographed, documented, lifted and/or cast. A photo or lift differs from a cast in that it is a 2-dimensional reproduction of a print, but as a fingerprint lift. A cast is a iii-dimensional construction which can provide a positive reproduction of the footwear.

Remember that some impressions may only lift in partial and others exercise not lift at all, so e'er try to photo the prints first. If the footwear is a visible print on an item that can exist retrieved from the scene to the laboratory, then this should be the method of pick. It is much easier to work on the testify under controlled weather condition than to try collecting the footwear at the crime scene, but in some cases this is not possible. There are many lifting applications on the market that take been accepted for years. Adhesive newspaper or contact paper tin can be placed over the footwear impress in dust or very low-cal dirt.

This lifting method works past placing the adhesive paper or contact paper, adhesive side down, over the impression in grit or low-cal dirt and smoothing over. This will allow the impressions to exist transferred to the adhesive side of the newspaper. Once this is done the newspaper is so peeled off the impression and photographed. The paper can be treated with a mixture of 0.05 grams of crystal violet to 500 ml. of distilled water which stains the footwear impression, just produces a reversed paradigm when collected. Once this is completed a slice of clear acetate is placed over the print in order to preserve it for impounding and later examination purposes.

Latent fingerprint powders and lifting tapes can be used on diverse surfaces for contrast and recovery.

Many of the chemicals used past latent fingerprint examiners can exist used to enhance the footwear prints on a variety of items.

Many latent footwear impressions can be located with the oblique lighting technique. Once found they can be difficult to photograph, merely latent fingerprint powders tin can be used to build contrast for like shooting fish in a barrel photography. This procedure is performed in the same fashion as if you were dusting for latent fingerprints. In one case the prints accept been adult and photographed, the recovery procedure is the aforementioned using fingerprint lifting tapes and suitable dissimilarity backgrounds to place the elevator on. Never cover an impression with record to reserve it until after the completion of the photographs. The record volition only obliterate the print and make subsequent enhancement difficult. Place the tape over the impression just after all other methods of enhancement have been exhausted. Make sure the footwear prove was not placed in dust, as there may be more suitable methods of collection.

Since 1981, an first-class recovery method for visible and invisible footwear evidence has been widely used effectually the world and has resulted in footwear identifications. This technology is called the electrostatic dust lifter.

The arrangement has a loftier voltage electrostatic charge that creates a charge on a piece of lifting film and causes some of the dust or residue particles to transfer to the underside of the lifting moving picture. The system works on a wide variety of surfaces including, floors, doors, counter tops, chairs, fabric, metal, carpeting tile, newspapers, bodies, tar and many others. The quality of the print is dependent upon the type of surface it is deposited on. No affair what the particular is that is recovered the offense scene investigator should always turn the print over to the examiner for examination.

There are 4 basic methods of recording footwear impressions at the crime scene.

1. Photography
2. Documentation/Sketching
3. Casting
4. Lifting

The crime scene investigator, when collecting evidence, should "use know methods in the best possible manner to develop the impression to its fullest potential."

Criminal offence Scene Footwear Evidence

Footwear evidence can be found in ii forms, impressions and prints. The impression is normally described as a three-dimensional impression, such every bit an impression in mud or a soft material; and the print is described every bit a print made on a solid surface by dust, powder, or a similar medium.

Footwear bear witness, as well latent fingerprint evidence, is classified into iii categories of law-breaking scene prints:

1. Visible Prints
2. Plastic Prints
3. Latent Prints

The Visible Prints: A visible print occurs when the footwear steps into a foreign substance and is contaminated past it, and then comes in contact with a clean surface and is pressed onto that surface. This print tin can exist visibly seen by the naked eye without any other aids.

The most common visible prints are prints left on a contrasting surface, such as a kitchen floor. A diversity of substances, such every bit blood, grease, oil, or water will leave contrasting prints. This type of print must be photographed, prior to whatsoever other methods existence used. An electrostatic dust lifter can also be utilized when the evidence is in dust.

The Plastic Prints: Plastic prints are impressions that occur when the footwear steps into a soft surface, such as deep mud, snow, moisture sand, or dirt creating a 3-dimensional impression. This type of impression should be photographed then bandage. These types of impressions are iii-dimensional because they let the examiner to see length, width, and depth.

The Latent Prints: Latent prints are the most overlooked impress and are generally establish on smoothen surfaces. They tin can be developed the aforementioned manner latent fingerprints are. This type of print needs a variety of powders, chemicals and even forensic light sources to make it visible in order to properly be nerveless. In about cases these prints should too be photographed prior to any recovery process.

With coupon code "5off" at checkout

Crime Scene Photographs

Footwear impressions can be located in and outside the crime scene. Remember, the suspect had to go far and depart the scene. The location that will later be photographed in item should exist photographed showing the general crime scene and surrounding areas. When photographing the scene always recollect to accept overall, medium and close upward shots before you brainstorm your comparison photographs. Ever use a relationship technique when relating footwear testify to the crime scene or to other items of testify. An easy style to do this is to place a numbered mark next to the prove impress and photograph. Brand certain the criminal offense scene photographs have been taken prior to altering the evidence with numbered markers. When making quality examination photographs of the evidence prints, exist sure to use the same number you used when you were showing relationship. After this has been done, quality examination photographs tin can then begin. In order for a footwear examiner to perform a quality exam, high-quality, close-up photographs are required.

This can exist easily obtained with a lilliputian fourth dimension and patience. The camera is mounted on a tripod and rotated in such a manner that the plane of the film is parallel to the plane of the print. This volition enable the darkroom technician to impress a 1 to 1 scale photograph of the impression for comparison. The print, the scale and an information menu should fill the frame of the film. When using a flash, the flash should be held at least at a 45 caste bending from the print and fired from three unlike positions with at least 100 degrees separation. Past using this oblique lighting procedure a unlike amount of light can be reflected from the adumbral and non-shadowed areas providing greater dissimilarity.

This oblique lighting will crusade a greater corporeality of dissimilarity, and particular tin can be obtained in the photograph. The best style to practice that is to fire the wink off at the three different positions of the tripod making certain not to go the legs of the tripod in the style of the flash. A minimum of four photographs are taken for each footprint, i without a scale and iii with the scale. A minimum of iii photographs are taken for each footprint when non using a flash, ane without a scale and two with the scale. The scale should always be placed parallel to the side of the shoe, never in the impress itself.

When at all possible, photographs should exist taken of prints fabricated past each foot. While there is a minimum number of photographs suggested, there is NO maximum. It is always better to have too many, than too few. Remember to take overall, medium and close-up photographs prior to altering the impressions with a scale.

When the impressions are photographed correctly, they often proved the footwear examiner with a more detailed impressions that lifting or casting thus resulting in a more than definate examination and comparison.

In tracking, which is the process of following the footprints of an private, photograph the scene every bit you plant it and then lace numbers adjacent to each impression. Photograph the scene showing the impressions' numbers, this way yous can come up back later and chronicle where each impression was found. Then the quality examination photographs tin be taken.

Casting an Impression

In the past years, plaster of paris was used for the casting of footwear and tire read impressions; however, it is now recommended that simply dental stone exist used for casting impressions. Dental rock, similar plaster of paris, is a form of gypsum, only provides a superior event. Dental stone has proven to be much stronger, and therefore, does non require that reinforcement textile be placed in the cast during the pouring. About chiefly, dental stone is more durable and harder than plaster of paris and can be cleaned in the laboratory with a potassium sulfate solution, with near no loss or erosion of detail from the surface. Dental stone is available from local dental supply stores and the overall toll is less than plaster of paris.

Three dimensional impressions should always be cast if there is clarity and the surface will permit.

Why Cast?

1. The bandage gives lifelike and actuall-size molding of the original impression including uneven surfaces and depths.
2. The cast gives reproduction of microscopic characteristics.
3. In deep impressions, the cast gives reproduction of characteristics of the side of outsoles and midsoles of the shoe which usually are not reproduced in photographs.
4. Focus or scale bug are eliminated.
5. Provides tangible 3-dimensional bear witness.
6. Backs-up the photographs.

How Many Impressions do I Cast?

The mode to answer this question is simple. If at a crime scene you develop ten latent impressions, you might surmise that some of these impressions accept sufficient detail to outcome an identification and others may not. Would you nonetheless lift 5 of those ten and exit the other five at the scene? Retrieve the real possibility that the most valuable show might be left behind. Employ the same consideration when casting or photographing footwear impression bear witness.

Evidence left at the offense scene can never be recovered and volition follow y'all all the fashion to courtroom.

Making a Bandage:

Materials Needed

• ii-iii pounds of form- 1 dental stone per cast
• One-gallon aught-lock plastic bag per cast
• One big mixing bowl or coffee tin
• One spoon or stirring stick
• 6-9 oz of water per pound of dental stone
• One form (not always necessary, but useful)
• One can of Talcum powder

A grade, or other material with which a form can exist made around the impression to comprise the dental stone, gives the cast thickness and is handy, but is not necessary.

Mixing Procedures

Process ane: Identify the grade effectually the impression. Exist conscientious not to place the course then shut to the impression that it risks distorting it. Place 2-3 pounds of dental stone in the mixing container. Add roughly 6-9 oz. of water per pound of dental stone. Mixing usually takes about five-7 minutes or until "pancake batter" consistency.

Process ii: Accept the 2-3 pounds of dental stone that is contained in a 1-gallon nix-lock plastic bag and add your water accordingly. Close the zip-lock bag and mix past meshing together.

Pouring: Before pouring the mixture onto the impression, very lightly sprinkle talcum pulverization over the impression, which gives a fixative. Be sure non to over sprinkle. Pour the mixture onto the spoon or stirring stick while holding the spoon or stick to the side of the impression. By pouring the mixture in this manner you can directly the menstruation of the mixture and let it flow back into the impression. If you use the plastic handbag technique, cut i of the corners off the handbag and pour in the aforementioned fashion. Past using the plastic bag technique in that location is very little mess and no clean upwards.

Do Not Pour THE MIXTURE DIRECTLY INTO THE IMPRESSION!!

Since you are using dental stone you practice not need to utilise reinforcement material. Before the cast can harden, scratch the necessary identifying information on the dorsum side. This data may differ from 1 police department to another.

1. name or initials
2. appointment
3. case number
4. other important information

The cast must set undisturbed for at least 30 minutes, afterward which the bandage can exist carefully lifted from the surface. Identify a knife i inch form the cast and stick it direct into the footing and under the cast. Pry upward. The cast should break gratuitous from the surface. Some soil or dirt may adhere to the bandage, however Practice Not endeavour to make clean it. Allow the cast to air dry at to the lowest degree 24-48 hours before cleaning. After this time the cast can be cleaned and washed VERY GENTLY. Once this is completed the bandage can be packaged for impounding.

Exercise Not impound or package the bandage in plastic. Employ porous packaging cloth, making sure to carefully bundle the bandage so that it will non break during transport.

Replacement Casting Material: You tin supersede dental rock with plaster of paris (which can be purchased at almost whatsoever hardware store). The plaster of paris requires xv oz. of h2o to 5 lbs. of plaster and will require a from and reinforcement material.

The pouring procedure is the just difference from the dental rock.

Pouring: Using a class, pour the mixture onto the stirrer while belongings the stirrer to the side of the impression. After pouring about half of the mixture onto the impression, add together the reinforcement material (i.e.; sticks, small pieces of metal wires) and then complete the plaster pouring.

Casting in H2o

Identify a form around the impression, making sure the frame is big enough to come higher up the waterline. Be careful not to place the form so close to the impression that it risks distorting it. Remove whatever droppings from the surface of the h2o. Lightly sprinkle the dental stone material over the surface area of the impression, about i (1) inch, allowing information technology to settle. Prepare a mixture of dental stone that is slightly thicker. Place the mixture into the frame by scooping. Permit lx minutes for drying. Remove and air dry 48 hours.

Casting in Snow

Place a form effectually the impression. Spray "Snow Print Wax" over the impression and let information technology to fix up for virtually x minutes. If "Snow Print Wax" is not available, talcum powder or gray primer spray can be used, simply the pouring must be done very carefully. Ready a mixture of dental stone using very cold h2o. Pour the dental stone onto the impression very advisedly. Encompass the impression with a box and allow the cast to dry for about hr. Remove and air dry for 48 hours.

Admissibility of Footwear Evidence

"The role of the expert witness is non to determine guilt or innocence, just rather to assist the courtroom in determining what weight is to be placed on technical bear witness entered which without assistance could not be interpreted properly." (Cassidy, 1980)

The crime scene investigator should always approach the law-breaking scene as if the chaser met you lot at the front door and told you, "tomorrow we are going to court." The best way to ready for whatever trial is to be prepared for the unexpected.

If a thorough law-breaking scene report is prepared, the crime scene investigator can describe the steps of the investigation chronologically. Recollect, your reports and notes are discipline to subpoena during a trial.

The criminal offence scene investigator should understand the techniques and legal requirements necessary to ensure that the crime scene photographs and the evidence collected will be open-door in court.

The basic premise involved in crime scene photography is that the photographs are a truthful representation of the scene as information technology was initially observed by the investigator. Nothing will cause prove to be tossed out of court faster by defense attorneys than no photographs of the footwear testify prior to the crime scene investigator placing a scale in the photograph or non post-obit proper procedures. Defense attorneys will argue that the evidence was altered.

Crime Scene Investigators are considered to be expert witnesses in the investigation of the crime scene. The expert witness is determined only by the court. The court will weigh the qualifications, experience, and demeanor of the investigator carefully every time that he/she appears. The expert witness is allowed to give an opinion on whatsoever relevant consequence that is within the scope of their expertise.

In one case the footwear show has been entered into bear witness, the Footwear Examiner will take the stand to prove as to the examination or comparing procedures. Never allow yourself to become caught up in testifying to an examination or the comparison of footwear evidence unless you have been properly trained and possess the feel, qualifications and grooming of a footwear examiner.

References

Some of the listed books are one-time and out of print, just they contained important information for the writer of this article.

1. Bodziak, William J., Footwear Impression Show, Elsevier Serial, 1990.
2. Bodziak, William J., United states Department of Justice; FBI, Shoe and Tire Impression Evidence, September 1986.
3. Cassidy, G.J., Footwear Identification, Canadian Government Printing Middle, 1980.
4. Grieve, D., Periodical of Forensic Identification, International Association for Identification, 1988.
5. Jaroff, Leon, Reader's Assimilate, "Mystery of the Iceman," Condensed from Time, April 1993.
6. Joseh, Alexander and Allison, Harrison C., Handbook of Crime Scene Investigation, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1980.
7. Kirk, Paul, Crime Investigation, Interscience Publishers, Inc., NY 1953.
8. McDonald, Peter, Tire Banner Evidence, Elsevier Series, 1989.
9. Ojena, Stephen M., Law and Order, "New Electrostatic process Recoverers Visible and Invisible Grit Particles at Crime Scenes," July 1988.
10. Svensson, Arne; Wendel, Otto; and Fisher, Barry A.J., Techniques of Offense Scene Investigation, Elsevier NY, 1984.
11. A paper written on Put the Doubtable at the Scene of the Law-breaking, no dates or other documentation.
12. US Section of Justice, FBI Police force Enforcement Bulletin, "Scientific Aides, Preserving Prints of Shoes and Tires on Hard Surfaces", June 1961.
13. US Department of Justice, FBI Law Enforcement Message, "Tips on Making Casts of Shoes and Tire Prints", October 1963.

---

Near the Writer

Dwane Hilderbrand began his distinguished criminal justice career in 1975 with his employment in the Identification Sectionalisation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, located in Washington, D.C. In 1978 he accepted a position equally Identification Technician with the Prince William County Law Department in Woodbridge, Virginia, where he was employed until 1981, when he was offered a forensic identification and crime scene position with the Scottsdale, Arizona Constabulary Section. Dwane dedicated the remainder of his government career to the development of his advanced technical analytical and testimonial skills and retired in Oct of 2005 with twenty-four years of service to the citizens of Scottsdale, Arizona. After Dwane's retirement he accepted a total fourth dimension position with Ron Smith and Assembly, Inc as the Senior Consultant and Instructor from 2005-2009, when he made the decision to finally full fill his dream and opened his own business, Forensic ITC Services, headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona.

Subsequent to Dwane's studies in Constabulary and Forensic Science, he earned a Bachelors Degree in Direction from the University of Phoenix followed past a Chief's Degree in Instruction from Northern Arizona University. He is 1 of the very few forensic professionals in the globe who has earned professional person certifications from the International Association for Identification every bit a "Certified Latent Print Examiner", "Certified Senior Crime Scene Analyst" and "Certified Footwear Examiner".

Dwane Hilderbrand, an international recognized teacher and expert, has been invited to speak on a wide variety of forensic related topics at professional conferences across the United States and abroad. His famous "involve them and they volition larn" pedagogy style has made him i of the nigh sought after instructors in the criminal justice profession. He was one of three Americans invited to be a presenter at the start International Shoeprint conference held in Finland. Dwane was responsible for the first computerized Automated Shoeprint Identification Arrangement with Scottsdale Police Department. He was also responsible for the footwear and tire rail evidence and the latent print examiners grooming and procedure manuals. Dwane has assisted in many footwear cases throughout the United states every bit well equally Jamaica and the Anguilla Islands.

Dwane also teaches this volume as an excellent seminar entitles, "Documentation, Collection and Preservation of Footwear and Tire Runway Evidence", which is i of Dwane'southward most educational and enjoyable courses of didactics. He has done extensive enquiry on the topic and has developed a methodology of teaching criminal justice professionals from all aspects of law enforcement on how to properly and effectively collection and preserve track evidence. Dwane also wrote and published the first and second editions of the book entitled, "Footwear, The Missed Evidence-A field guide to the collection and preservation of footwear show". He understands the needs of crime scene investigators and is able to assist them in reaching a common goal, "to collect the testify". He is able to supply the student with the necessary information in such a style that it is not but understandable simply also enjoyable. Dwane is an achieved expert instructor in this area of criminal offence scene investigation.

Dwane has served in the positions of President, 1st, second, and tertiary Vice Presidents, Editor, and Secretary/Treasurer of the Arizona State chapter of the International Association for Identification (IAI). He has also served on the Arizona Identification Quango's Forensic Science Committee and Latent Print Certification Board for the State of Arizona.

Dwane was elected to the Board of Directors of the International Association for Identification in 1994 and served for eight years. He has served on the International Footwear/Tire Rail Sub-Committee, the Strategic Planning Committee, and the feasibility study group for teacher certification and a subcommittee for Forensic Podiatry, and was the training coordinator for the IAI from 1996-2002. Dwane was also appointed to the National Disaster Medical Team in 1994 and resigned in 2000.

norriswearprapart.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/footwear.html

Share this post